Appropriation

Appropriation is a form of DISSEMINATION privacy harm under the Solove taxonomy. Appropriation is defined as "using an individual's identity to serve the aims and interests of another."

A social media site using customer's images in advertising.

Occurrences

• A Photo of a Woman Crying After Florida School Shooting (February 2018)
• AI Deepfake Technology Creates Fake Video of Naked Celebrities (29 January 2024)
• AI Impersonation Through Deepfakes Troubles Bollywood (November 2023)
• Amazon’s ‘Just Walk Out’ Tech Is a Privacy Nightmare (2023)
• College Board Sued Over New York Student Privacy Laws (2024)
• Companies Stealing Influencers’ Faces (2020)
• Data Breach Compromising 500 Thousands Call of Duty Accounts (September 2020)
• Discord Admits Data Breach: Info of 760K Users Sold Online (14 August 2023)
• Don't Believe Everything you Hear: How Cybercriminals Are Exploiting AI Voice Cloning (April 2023)
• Facebook's "People You May Know" Feature (November 2017)
• High-Profile Twitter Accounts Hack (July 2020)
• Identity Theft of Deceased People for Fraud (October 2020)
• Impersonating Profiles on Grindr (September 2018)
• Jogger Wound Up in an Ad Without Knowing (November 2017)
• Larry King’s Video Used For Disinformation (August 2020)
• Lee Enterprises Shared Subscribers' Personal Information With Facebook (22 December 2022)
• New Jersey Department of Health Retaining Newborn Data without Parental Consent (8 November 2023)
• New York Times sues OpenAI and Microsoft (27 December 2023)
• PA Teachers Impersonated by Students on Social Media (February 2024)
• Porn Deepfakes (September 2020)
• Scammers Hijack Popular YouTube Accounts (July 2020)
• Secret Sharing App Whisper (October 2014)
• Student Loan Fraud Through Identity Theft (October 2020)
• TikTok Parents Use Persons Face To Make Their Kids Cry (August 2020)

Laws and Regulations

The following laws and regulations address the Appropriation harm.

• (410 ILCS § 513/). Genetic Information Privacy Act (United States, Illinois)
• (740 ILCS § 14/). Biometric Information Privacy Act. (United States, Illinois)
• 5 U.S.C. §552a (United States)
• AL SB 301 (United States, Alabama)
• CH. 1. Trade and Commerce; General Provisions. (United States, South Carolina)
• CH. 521. Unauthorized Use of Identifying Information. (United States, Texas)
• CVR § 50. Right of privacy. (United States, New York)
• California Consumer Privacy Act of (2018) (United States, California)
• Deceptive Mail Prevention and Enforcement Act (United States)
• Electronic Communications Privacy Act (United States)
• FLA. SB 1670. Consumer Data Privacy. (United States, Florida)
• Judicial Redress Act of 2015 (United States)
• MD. HB 901 (2019) (United States, Maryland)
• Michigan Identity Theft Protection Act (2004) (United States, Michigan)
• NY. SB 1203. Biometric Privacy Act. (United States, New York)
• OR. STAT. § 807.750 (2009)
• Protection of Pupil Rights Amendment (United States)
• §1201C-§1206C. Online and Personal Privacy Protection. (United States, Delaware)
• §1204C. Prohibitions on online marketing or advertising to a child. (United States, Delaware)
• §13-37-201 TO §13-37-203. Notice of Disclosure. (United States, Utah)
• §13-37-202. Disclosure of nonpublic personal information prohibited without notice. (United States, Utah)
• §1798.83-§1798.84. Customer Records. (United States, California)
• §22948.20. Connected Televisions. (United States, California)
• §22:1604. Customer privacy; protections. (United States, Louisiana)
• §49-1-702. Data Accessibility, Transparency and Accountability Act; Part Definitions. (United States, Tennessee)
• §51:2002—§51:2003. Unsolicited Commercial Electronic Mail Restrictions. (United States, Louisiana)
• §62V.06. Data Practices. (United States, Minnesota)
• §63-2-101 TO §63-2-102. Medical Records. (United States, Tennessee)
• §646.607. Unlawful business, trade practices. (United States, Oregon)
• §995.50. Right of privacy. (United States, Wisconsin)